John Koukouzelis
| John Koukouzelis | |
|---|---|
St. John Koukouzelis depicted on a 15th-century musical codex at the Great Lavra Monastery, Mount Athos, Greece.
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| Born | Durazzo, Eastern Roman Empire |
| Residence | Mount Athos |
| Other names | Jan Kukuzeli |
| Education | Constantinople |
| Occupation | singer, composer |
| Known for | Reformer of Orthodox Church music |
John Koukouzelis or Jan Kukuzeli (Albanian: (Shën) Jan Kukuzeli; Bulgarian: Йоан Кукузел, Yoan Kukuzel; Greek: Ιωάννης Κουκουζέλης, Ioannis Koukouzelis; c. 1280 – c. 1360) was an Albanian-Bulgarian medieval Orthodox Christian composer, singer and reformer of Orthodox Church music.[1]
Early life[редактиране на кода]
Koukouzelis was born in Durazzo, at the time part of the Angevin Kingdom of Albania[2] in the late 13th century to an Albanianfather[3][4][5] and a Bulgarian mother.[6][7][8] He was orphaned in childhood.[9]
According to some[weasel words] sources he was born in Džerminci, near Debar, which is presently uninhabited.[10] Koukouzelis' last name is allegedly derived from the Greek word for broad beans (κουκιά, koukia) and a Slavic word for cabbage (зеле, zele).[11][12]
Most scholars, including David Marshall Lang, state that his mother was simply of Bulgarian origin,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17] while Robert Elsie generalizes her as being of Macedonian Slav descent.[18] However, according to Raymond Detrez, despite that his mother may have been a Bulgarian,[19] her Slavic origin is obscure.[20]
At a young age, he was noted and accepted into the school at the imperial court at Constantinople.
Reception history of Koukouzelian compositions[редактиране на кода]
In general it is useful to make a distinction between compositions which can be verified as the compositions by John Koukouzelis, and those which are simply based on the method which he taught (as a stylistic category based on the kalophonic melos as exemplified by Mega Ison). Even concerning famous compositions, their authorship is often a subject of scholarly debates whose concern is not always the talent of one individual composer—like the Polyeleoi of the Bulgarian Woman dedicated to his mother that, according to some researchers, contains elements of traditional Bulgarian mourning songs.[7][14] Greek editions of the same Polyeleos are different and especially the authorship of the Kratema used in the Bulgarian edition has been a controversial issue.[24] Concerning stichera kalophonika, there are numerous compositions made up in his name, but his authorship must be regarded as a certain school which had a lot of followers and imitators.
Modern print editions of chant books have only a very few compositions (different melismatic echos varys realisations of Ἄνωθεν οἱ προφήται, several Polyeleos compositions, the cherubikon palatinon, the Mega Ison, the Anoixantaria)[clarification needed] which are almost never sung, except the short Sunday koinonikon, for the very practical reason that most of John Koukouzelis' compositions, at least based on the exegetic transcriptions by Chourmouzios Chartophylakos (GR-An Ms. ΜΠΤ 703),[clarification needed] are simply too long.[25]
Sainthood and legacy[редактиране на кода]
Koukouzelis is regarded as the most influential figure in the music of his period. He was later recognized as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church, his feast day being on 1 October.[26] He is known as Saint John Koukouzelis (Greek: Άγιος Ιωάννης Κουκουζέλης, Hagios Ioannis Koukouzelis, Bulgarian: Свети Йоан Кукузел, Sveti Yoan Kukuzel, Albanian: Shën Jan Kukuzeli, Macedonian: Свети Јован Кукузел, Serbian: Свети Јован Кукузељ).
A musical school in his native Durrës bears his name. Kukuzel Cove in Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Koukouzelis, using the Slavic form of his name.
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